The National Medal of Science was established by the United States in 1959. Initially, the award only recognized scientists working in the fields of mathematics, biology, physics, and engineering. The addition of behavioral sciences was proposed in 1976. In 1980, former President Jimmy Carter signed legislation broadening the scope of the National Medal of Science.
The National Medal of Science is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the various fields of science. The National Medal of Technology and Innovation, the National Medal of Arts, and the National Medal of Humanities are all similar awards. The Presidential Awards for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring are also given to those who have been excellent mentors in the United States.
Each year, the US National Medal of Science is awarded to more than one person. In fact, since the award’s inception, more than 400 people have received it. Because it is presented by the President of the United States, the US National Medal of Science is also known as the Presidential Science Medal.
In addition, the President of the United States appoints a committee to review all nominations. The President’s Committee on the National Medal of Science is typically made up of 12 people. Following its review of the nominations, the committee makes recommendations to the president, who has final approval authority.
Candidates for the National Medal of Science are nominated by their peers in science. If a nomination is not accompanied by three letters of recommendation, it will be rejected. Nominations for the US National Medal of Science are valid for three years, after which the nominee may be nominated again by peers. Nominees must be citizens of the United States.
Despite the fact that the Medal of Science is a yearly award, there have been a few years with no honorees. There were no awards given in 1971 or 1972. In addition, no awards were given in the years 1977-1978, 1980, or 1984-1985.
Winners in the past have come from a wide range of scientific fields. Scientists have received awards for performing the first kidney transplant, defining neurotransmitter mechanisms, developing more efficient rocket fuel, and developing nuclear fission theories.