Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a nutrient whose name is commonly abbreviated. It is an essential fatty acid for good health. Humans who are deficient in EPA can benefit from EPA supplementation in a variety of ways. Oily fish is a good source of EPA, but the body can also make it from other fatty acids found in foods.
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are two types of dietary fats. Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. EPA from fish is usually found in combination with docosahexaenoic acid, another omega-3 fatty acid (DHA). The molecule’s first double chemical bond is at the third carbon atom from one end, which is why some fatty acids are called omega-3. The first double bond in the omega-6 variety is at the sixth carbon atom from one end.
Oily fish like salmon and mackerel are the only foods high in eicosapentaenoic acid. Fish oil supplements containing EPA are an alternative to eating oily fish. If needed, the body can convert another omega-3 fatty acid called alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) into EPA to boost nutrient levels. Flaxseed, walnut, and canola oils all contain ALA.
In cells, EPA serves as a structural component. It’s also a source of eicosanoids, which are chemical cell signals produced by the immune system. EPA also controls the expression of a number of genes involved in immune response and fatty acid metabolism.
Omega-3 fatty acids have a variety of effects on human development and health as a whole. They are required for the development of children’s brains and eyes. As a result, EPA-deficient diets in the Western world may have health implications.
EPA and DHA appear to help lower blood pressure and improve the symptoms of heart disease. Fish oil can also help to relieve the symptoms of arthritis and menstrual pain. Eicosapentaenoic acid may help to alleviate depression symptoms.
Eicosapentaenoic acid supplements are generally safe for adults, according to the Linus Pauling Institute in the United States. Nausea and diarrhea are possible side effects of high doses. Pregnant women should limit their intake of oily fish to their doctor’s recommendations because it may contain low levels of mercury. Because fish oil supplement manufacturers are required by the EPA to test for mercury, fish oil is generally considered safe.